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餐牌上的營養標籤 – 有需要嗎？
餐牌上的營養標籤 – 有需要嗎？
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
美國食品及藥品管理局(FDA)去年公佈了一項要求餐牌上加上營養標示的新規定。其目的是讓食客作出知情和更健康的飲食選擇。
新規定要求特定類別的食物場所 (包括有20間或以上分店的連鎖餐廳) 必須在餐牌上顯示食物的能量 / 卡路里 (包括總熱量和來自脂肪的熱量) 及加上每日卡路里建議攝取量的簡明字句。在顧客要求下，餐廳亦須列出其他營養資料，包括總脂肪、飽和脂肪、反式脂肪、膽固醇、鈉、碳水化合物、纖維、糖和蛋白質。
餐牌上營養標籤的效用
Krieger et al. (2013) 研究結果指出餐牌營養標籤法例能增加食客對卡路里資訊的認識和使用；並認為有助顧客作出更健康的選購。例如，在華盛頓州金郡推行餐牌營養標籤法例18個月後，食品和飲品的平均卡路里消費量輕微下降38千卡；尤其是對女士、墨西哥玉米薄餅卷和咖啡店的顧客影響最為明顯。這或許有助預防癡肥。
然而，餐牌上的營養標示是否很有用還未有定論。因為研究亦發現營養資訊在某些情況下沒有效用。
例如, 看和用這些營養資訊的人數比例 (約1/3) 沒有隨著法例生效而改變。
箇中原因可能是餐牌上標示營養資訊的方式不太理想。若顧客不太明白當中文字和數字的意思，他們便沒有興趣使用相關資訊。相反，理想的標示設計應該簡明，例如使用顏色符號或在餐牌上的食物排序由低熱量至高熱量列出，應能增加餐牌營養標籤的效用。
餐牌營養標籤應在香港推行嗎？
近年來，餐廳標示營養資訊的做法已受到很多外國媒體、各國政府機構和業界的關注。其中主要原因是在過去數十年，成人和小童癡肥個案大增；而且越來越多人喜歡外出用膳。
正如美國這些已發展地區，香港亦面對同樣的問題。從2010年開始，香港已實行預先包裝食物營養標籤法例，要求大部份預先包裝食物列出能量、蛋白質、總脂肪、飽和脂肪、反式脂肪、碳水化合物、糖和鈉。其目的是希望令消費者購買預先包裝食物時能夠作出較健康的選擇。為了解決日益嚴重的癡肥問題，及令外出用膳的市民能夠選擇較健康的食物，政府現在應加強食物標籤方面的規管，包括強制要求大型連鎖餐廳作出餐牌營養標籤。
(圖片來源：IFA Insider, 2010)
