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免洗筷的安全問題
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
免洗筷是指以竹或木為原料經加工製成後,不再經洗滌即可供使用之筷子。在香港,很多食肆都會提供免洗筷供客人使用。然而,免洗筷的安全問題曾引起社會關注。
二氧化硫
台灣桃園市政府衛生局在 2013 年曾檢出免洗筷的二氧化硫殘留超標 (法定標準為500 ppm以下)。過量的二氧化硫可能導致人體呼吸系統功能障礙。
有些廠商為了避免筷子受蟲害及發霉,在免洗筷製作過程中會以二氧化硫燻蒸竹筷或木筷。當使用經過硫磺氣體漂白的筷子進餐時,過量的二氧化硫可刺激呼吸道,並引致咳嗽和哮喘。
此外,廠商可能會以亞硫酸鹽防止免洗筷變黃、變黑以及發霉,以保持較好的賣相。一般人吃下亞硫酸鹽後,在體內可轉變為硫酸鹽,隨尿液排出體外。但有些人會對亞硫酸鹽產生過敏,尤其是氣喘患者。食入過量的亞硫酸鹽可能會造成呼吸困難、腹瀉、嘔吐等症狀。
其他“潛在” 有毒有害物質
根據台灣消費者文教基金會在2005年進行的一項調查,一些免洗筷的包裝物料含鉛量超過100 ppm。由於免洗筷包裝袋與筷子直接接觸,有害重金屬可污染筷子,然後被食入人體。此外,免洗筷包裝袋上的油墨和螢光增白劑亦有可能會遷移至免洗筷,並危害人體健康。然而,該調查並未在免洗筷測試樣本中檢出這些有毒有害物質。
香港應訂立免洗筷的衛生標準和加強監管
現時,香港未有像台灣般訂明免洗筷的衛生標準:
1) 免洗筷不得有不良變色、異臭、異味、污染、發霉、蟲蛀、含有異物或纖維剝落;
2) 免洗筷中二氧化硫殘留量應為500 ppm以下;及
3) 免洗筷中不得檢出含有過氧化氫及聯苯等成分。
過去雖有報導指香港海關會抽查竹筷及木筷等即棄餐具,然而政府並無公開測試的詳情和結果。為加強保障大眾市民健康,筆者認為食物安全中心或消費者委員會有需要調查現時香港市面上免洗筷的安全情況,並公開檢測結果和所採用的合格判斷標準。
給市民的建議
1) 避免使用色澤太白與嗅聞存有酸味的免洗筷;使用前可先以熱水浸泡3至5分鐘,以減少二氧化硫的殘留量。
2) 注意包裝是否完整,有無破損發霉現象。
3) 出外飲食可自備環保筷。這既可保障自身安全,亦同時響應環保和滅少碳排放。