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觀賞年桔與食品安全
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
在農曆新年過後，不少市民喜歡把觀賞年桔醃製成鹹柑桔。然而，最近有報導指年桔含有大量農藥殘餘，並超出食用標準100倍；因此，市民不應用年桔來製作鹹柑桔。
但實情是否這樣呢？首先，要明白該訊息是由Whatsapp傳出來，其內容可靠性存疑。例如，農藥超標100倍是未經證實的數字、訊息來源不詳，而且涉及哪一種農藥亦沒有說明。
觀賞年桔與農藥使用
雖然訊息提及的超標數值未必真確，但內地農民對觀賞年桔施用農藥倒是不爭的事實。
觀賞年桔的主要品種
(廣東省農科院科技情報研究所, 2011)
用藥 (包括除害劑) 的原因是為了防治害蟲 (例如紅蜘蛛) 和病菌 (例如炭疽病)，以及保持盤桔美觀。以年桔主要產地之一順德為例，花農據報會對年桔使用克蟎特 / 炔蟎特 (Propargite) 以殺滅紅蜘蛛。
其他可用於防治柑桔病蟲的除害劑
(廣西百色市農業局, 2014)
觀賞年桔沒有農藥限量標準嗎？
根據食物內除害劑殘餘規例 (第132CM章)，香港已對多種可能出現在食物內的農藥訂定殘餘限值要求。例如，每公斤的食用金桔不可含有超出5毫克的炔蟎特。然而，這要求並不適用於非食用和作觀賞用途的桔。
事實上，外國一般亦不會對觀賞用的植物及其果實設立最高殘餘限量(Maximum Residue Limit MRL) / 再殘餘限量 (Extraneous MRL) 要求。
觀賞年桔變作食物時會受到規管嗎？
1) 銷售用途
假若有人以年桔作“原材料”醃製成鹹柑桔，然後當作食物出售；該出售食品應受到公眾衞生及市政條例（第132章）的規管，並須符合相關食品法例要求 (例如農藥/除害劑及重金屬的限值要求)和適合人類食用。
由於種植觀賞年桔時大多沒有考慮食品安全因素，加上缺乏關於年桔中含有毒有害物質的資料作參考，我們不能排除年桔含高毒、致突變和致癌的禁用化學農藥 (例如甲胺磷和氧化樂果) 和重金屬 (例如鎘)。
因此，筆者認為觀賞年桔不是合適的 “食品原材料”，亦應避免直接進食。
假若食品企業必須使用年桔作“原材料”，每批“年桔”須通過檢測和確認不含有毒有害物質後才可加工和出售。這是風險評估和保證食材安全的做法。
2) 自用
假若市民把年桔醃製成鹹柑桔作自用，Cap 132法例是管不到的。然而，為了保障自身健康，筆者建議市民避免進食這些不是為了食用而栽種的年桔為妙。
至於農藥對人體健康造成的不良影響 (急性或慢性中毒)，則要視乎的個別農藥的性質、攝入量、攝入期及安全參考值(例如每日可攝入量) 等因素。
