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飼養食用動物與獸藥的使用
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
美國麥當勞在2015年3月4日宣佈旗下1萬4千家餐廳於未來兩年逐步停止採購在飼養過程中使用了人類抗生素的鷄肉産品。人類抗生素常被濫用於食用動物身上，被認為是導致細菌產生抗藥性的原因。
然而，“新抗生素政策”並非要求全面停用所有抗生素。在鷄隻飼養過程中，美國麥當勞的供商應依然可以使用一些“非人用”的抗生素，以保持家禽的健康。
獸藥在飼養動物過程的使用
正如人類一樣，動物也會生病和需要藥物治療。獸藥(包括但不限於抗生素) 主要用於治療和預防飼養動物疾病。另一方面，獸藥亦可促進動物的生長和長出瘦肉。
很多國家已列明允許使用在食用動物身上的獸藥及其使用時的限制條件。另一方面，一些高毒性的獸藥(例如克倫特羅和氯霉素)會被禁用。
使用獸藥所帶來的問題
以獸藥飼喂食用動物可造成動物的肉、內藏及其他部位出現獸藥殘留。食用含獸藥殘留的動物源性食品會危害人體健康。殘餘所造成的威脅要視乎獸藥的性質，以及攝入量和攝入期長短而定。
例如，人們在食用含過量克倫特羅殘餘 (禁用瘦肉精) 的肉類後，可能會出現心跳加速、暈眩、頭痛、顫抖和神經緊張等症狀。
此外，食物中獸藥殘留可造成過敏反應，以及產生上文提及的抗藥性細菌。
香港對食物中獸藥殘餘的規管
為了保障消費者的健康，很多國家已制定獸藥殘餘在食物的最高可接受水平，即最高殘餘限量 (MRLs)。在香港，《食物內有害物質規例》(第132AF章) 列明39種可能用於食用動物身上的化學物質的最高殘餘限量；以及7種不可被檢出的高毒化學物質。
食物監測和測試的重要性
在現代飼養食用動物的過程中，要完全禁止使用抗生素不大可行。因此，密切監察動物源性食品中的獸藥殘餘量是必要的，亦是保障消費者健康的關鍵。
在香港，食物安全中心（食安中心）負責抽查市面上的動物源性食物，並進行獸藥殘餘檢測。 食安中心於2013年抽查了約350個禽肉樣本，當中只有一個鮮雞樣本被檢出金霉素和土霉素的獸藥殘餘，含量分別為十億分之一百七十和十億分之一百八十，超出法例標準十億分之一百。
除政府外，其他在食物鏈上的持份者，包括農戶、食品生產商、入口商、分銷商和零售商亦有責任定期檢測食物內的獸藥殘餘量。
定期檢測食物是必須的，可 “防患於未然” - 確保食品符合法例法規要求，以及適合人類食用。
