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“食品摻偽” 知多少
“食品摻偽” 知多少
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
除了食物的品質和安全性外，消費者亦關注食物的真偽。沒有人希望購入的貴價食品摻雜便宜假貨，亦不接受食品標籤所示的成份、來源地和食物源性(動物或植物)與事實不符。
http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Bait_and_Switch_report_2011.pdf
食物摻偽的例子
“食物摻偽” 一般指有人刻意以摻假手段欺騙食物買家，從而牟取利益。這是一個全球性問題，近年食物造假個案亦有上升趨勢。食物摻偽不單止影響消費者，亦會影響食物供應鏈上的其他持份者 (例如農戶、食物生產商、分銷商和零售商等)。在歐洲，最經典的 “食物摻偽” 例子當然是2013年發生的“馬肉冒充牛肉” 事件; 至於中國在2008年亦曾發生的 “三聚氰胺毒奶粉” 事件。 其他食物摻偽例子包括但不限於:
食物摻偽帶來的問題
有些食物摻偽事件 (例如以養殖石斑魚假冒野生石斑魚) 只造成金錢損失，但並不會損害人體健康。然而，像三聚氰胺事件這一類食物摻偽便曾造成嚴重的食品安全問題 (約三萬名中國兒童不適和至少六名兒童死亡)。
此外，消費者可能因為宗教信仰原因而特別關注食物是否真實。以標示為清真食品的牛肉批為例，假如它被摻入豬肉成份，穆斯林人士誤食該假清真食品後便會違反教規。
食物摻偽資料庫
在美國，美國藥典委員會(USP) 根據過往多份科學文章和媒體對食物摻偽的報導，建立了一個食品造假數據庫1.
1http://www.usp.org/food-ingredients/food-fraud-database
在歐洲，消費者亦可透過歐盟食品和飼料快速預警系統(RASFF) 2得悉造假食品。一些歐盟國家(例如英國) 亦已建立適用於其國家的食品造假數據庫。
2http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/rasff/index_en.htm
有鑑於此，筆者認為香港政府亦應考慮建立一個食品造假數據庫。這有助分析食物摻偽在本港發生的情況和趨勢，從而更有效保障本港市民的健康。
食品摻偽的檢測
現時有多種檢測方法被廣泛用作辨別食品真偽。例如，色層分析法 (包括氣相色譜法-質譜法聯用GCMS) 可用作分離和辨識食品中的成份; 穩定同位數分析法可確認食品的來源地; 而以脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)為本的檢測方法(例如即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應Real time PCR) 越來越常用於物種鑑定 (包括確認清真食物內是否含有豬肉成份)。食品檢測有助核實食品標籤上資料的真確性 (例如成份和來源)。
解決食物摻偽問題
當食品摻偽事件發生後，可能需要很長時間和資源才能恢復消費者和市場的信心。為了打擊食品摻偽問題，政府有需要加強監控食物供應鏈的各個環節 (例如定期突擊到訪以找出摻偽行為)、加重對行騙者的罰則，以及加強檢測一些較常造假的食物 (包括牛奶、菜油、香料和海產等)。
