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與蜂蜜有關的食物危害 (二) - 重金屬、農藥和毒素
與蜂蜜有關的食物危害 (二) - 重金屬、農藥和毒素
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
前文提及蜂蜜被驗出含有抗生素或抗菌劑。事實上，蜂蜜亦可能含有其他食物危害，包括重金屬、農藥和毒素。
蜂蜜中的重金屬
今年初中國消費者協會比較了內地市場出售的30種蜂蜜產品 (包括大陸品牌和進口品牌) 的質量安全。其中一個測試項目是重金屬 (包括鉛、砷、鎘和鉻) 的含量。
圖片來源：中國消費者協會, 2015
http://www.cca.org.cn/jmxf/detail/21378.html
檢測結果如下：
在內地，國家標準 ( GB2762 - 2012《食品中污染物限量》) 只規定蜂蜜中的鉛含量不能超過1 mg/kg, 但對其他重金屬則沒有限量規定。在香港，法例 (第132V章 - 食物攙雜 (金屬雜質含量) 規例) 亦沒有訂明蜂蜜中鎘和鉻的限值。
不過，消費者亦無須太擔心。因為按蜂蜜樣本驗出的重金屬含量，在正常食用情況下，不會對健康造成不良影響。
儘管是次調查未發現令人擔心的情況，但大家須知蜂蜜中的各種元素含量會受其蜜源植物和產地的影響。因此，有必要定期檢測市場上不同蜂蜜的重金屬含量，確保其食用安全性。
蜂蜜中的農藥
蜂蜜含農藥 (即除害劑) 可能是由於過度使用蜂藥。例如，有研究人員1指多年以前內地曾驗出蜂蜜含氟胺氰菊酯 (一種殺蟲劑)，而且殘留量多達0.26 mg/kg。
1何旭 田自珍 蜂蜜中農藥與抗生素殘對人體的安全性評估研究 中國蜂業 2009, 60 (5)
此外，2011年國家認監委亦從有機蜂蜜中驗出另一種農藥 - 聯苯菊酯。
圖片來源：TVBS, 2015
http://news.tvbs.com.tw/old-news.html?nid=578600
環境污染當然亦可導致蜂蜜含農藥。有些農藥 (例如六六六和滴滴涕) 雖已被禁用多年，但不易分解，可在環境中遷移和富集在動植物體內，並出現在蜂蜜中。
另一方面，香港消委會於2013年曾調查市面上蜂蜜含農藥殘留的情況2。檢測結果顯示6款蜂蜜樣本含微量農藥 - 雙甲脒 (殘留量高達28 mg/kg)。
2 資料蜂蜜檢出攙糖及殘餘抗生素 -《選擇》月刊
https://www.consumer.org.hk/website/ws_chi/news/press_releases/p44101.html
蜂蜜中的毒素
在香港，兩年前有市民因為進食土耳其黑海地區出產的蜂蜜而出現“狂蜜病中毒”的病徵。該蜂蜜含有一種叫“梫木毒素”的神經毒素，可影響神經和肌肉正常功能。
這種毒素天然存在於杜鵑花等杜鵑花科植物。假如蜜蜂從有毒植物採集花蜜，其蜂蜜亦可能含有毒素。
建議
要確保蜂蜜的食用安全性，除了檢測產品之外，亦要從 “源頭” 做起。例如，須確保蜂農沒有胡亂用藥、養殖環境沒有污染、生產蜂蜜的花卉植物沒有毒等。此外，有人認為 “百花蜜” 的食用安全性較高，因為把不同蜜源的蜂蜜混合有助稀釋毒素。
