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令人關注的汽水問題
令人關注的汽水問題
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
很多人都喜愛飲汽水，但汽水的食用安全性亦引起不少關注。
1) 溴化植物油
數天前台灣食品藥物管理署要求1.5萬多罐含禁用溴化植物油 (簡稱BVO) 的汽水下架。動物實驗結果顯示高劑量BVO可能導致動物體心肌損害，並造成動物體內脂肪組織溴含量增加。
圖片來源：公視新聞網, 2015
http://news.pts.org.tw/article/310374
現時多個地方（包括台灣、香港、中國內地、歐盟、澳洲、新西蘭、新加坡和日本等）已禁止在食物添加BVO。然而，美國及加拿大仍准許有限度使用BVO - 指定果味飲料產品不得含超過百萬分之十五的溴化植物油﹐並需在包裝上標示含BVO。是次輸入台灣的問題飲品便是來自美國，但其中文標示卻只有「玉米油」，並未有標示溴化植物油。
2) 苯
2009年曾有報道指在巴西出售的部分汽水含有致癌物質 - 苯。理論上，汽水如同時含有防腐劑 “苯甲酸或其鹽類” 及抗氧化劑 “維他命C”，並在有光和高溫的環境下或其他因素(如酸鹼值)的影響下，可能產生苯。不過大家不用太擔心，過往的研究顯示各國汽水中的苯含量普遍低於世界衞生組織就飲用水所訂的苯含量限值，即每公升10微克。即使從汽水攝入小量苯，亦不會影響健康。
3) 4-甲基咪唑
圖片來源：醫藥人, 2015
http://www.3phk.com/v5article2.asp?id=2623
去年有報道指美國生產的可樂含 “或可能令人致癌”的物質 “4-甲基咪唑” (簡稱4-MEI)。這是因為常用於可樂類飲料的焦糖色素 (又稱醬色)，在某溫度和壓力下可能產生4-MEI。
由於過往從可樂類飲料檢出的4-MEI含量低，各國食品安全機構(包括美國和歐洲)普遍認為因進食含醬色的食物而攝入的4-MEI份量，不會造成健康問題。例如，假設每樽汽水 (12安士) 含352.5微克4-MEI，消費者每天須飲用130樽以上含有該濃度的汽水，才會達到令動物致癌的劑量。
4) 糖分
相信不少人都知道汽水的糖分高，會增加過重、肥胖及蛀牙的機會。因此，香港食物安全中心不時呼籲市民改變飲食習慣，減少進食添加大量糖的食物及飲品 (例如無糖汽水作替代)。在香港，根據《2014年食物及藥物（成分組合及標籤）規例》（第132W章），聲稱「低糖」或「無糖」的預先包裝食物，必須符合每100克固體／液體食物分別含不多於5克糖或0.5克糖的要求。
5) 雙酚A
過去亦有人關注可樂罐內塗層含微量雙酚A，或會污染其盛載的飲料。雖然有研究顯示雙酚A對動物的神經系統、發育期的行為和生殖系統有不良影響，但各國普遍認為人們從食物中攝入的雙酚A分量極低，不會對健康構成風險。
6) 玻璃碎片
除了化學物質外，汽水在生產過程中亦可含有異物，例如玻璃碎片。今年8月香港食物安全中心便呼籲市民不要飲用五款由新西蘭進口，可能含有玻璃碎片的汽水，並要求業界停售該等產品。
7) 其他
正如其他食物一樣，汽水有可能因為防腐劑、重金屬和微生物等含量超標而不合格。
