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美國禁止三種全氟烷基乙基在食物包裝材料上使用
美國禁止三種全氟烷基乙基在食物包裝材料上使用
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
甚麼是全氟烷基乙基
全氟烷化合物 (PFCs) 是一組穩定的合成化學物質，包括全氟烷基乙基。由於PFCs 具有防水和防油的特性，因而常被用作食品包裝材料 (如比薩餅紙盒) 的表面塗層劑。
圖片來源：Newswatch Report, 2016
http://newswatchreport.com/item/234346_fda-ban-pizza-boxes-could-cause-birth-defects
然而，近年越來越多証據顯示全氟烷基乙基可能有毒。例如，全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 及全氟辛酸銨 (PFOA) 可潛藏在人體內很多年，並影響呼吸系統、干擾免疫系統，以及導致新生兒缺陷等。人們開始擔心全氟烷基乙基會從食品包裝遷移至食物，並對人體健康造成傷害。
食物和水曾被驗出含PFCs
美國有報告指全氟烷化合物存在於不同的食物 - 每克食物含0.05至10,000納克PFCs (以濕重計) 1。然而，食品包裝並不是造成食物含PFCs的主因。事實上，PFCs常用於工業用界面活性劑及添加劑，使用後可長時間殘留在環境中 (空氣、水和泥土)。PFCs能透過生物鏈的傳遞，累積於食用動物和植物中。
1資料來源：CDC, 2015
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200-c2.pdf
另一方面，較早前香港有環保團體從5個水塘的水樣本驗出全氟烷化合物。其中，船灣淡水湖的PFCs濃度最高，每公升水含8 至 15 納克2。然而，所有數值均遠低於美國環保局訂定的暫定建議值 (PFOA為每公升400納克，PFOS為每公升200納克)。
2資料來源：綠色和平, 2015 http://www.greenpeace.org/hk/press/releases/toxics/2015/11/five-reservoirs-contain-pfcs/
圖片來源：Appledaily, 2015
http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20151202/19395820
美國禁止三種全氟烷基乙基在食物包裝材料上使用
在美國，多個關注環保及食品安全的團體曾經聯合要求政府禁止某類PFCs 在食物包裝材料上使用。經過評估後，美國食品及藥品管理局 (FDA) 在2016年1月4日發出公告，三種長鏈全氟烷基乙基不可再用於與水性和脂肪性食品接觸的紙和紙板，作為阻水劑或阻油劑3。
3資料來源：Federal Register, 2016 https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/01/04/2015-33026/indirect-food-additives-paper-and-paperboard-components
香港對食物接觸材料的規管
在香港，有兩個政府部門共同負責規管食物接觸材料。
香港海關
根據《消費品安全條例》（第456章），任何人不得進口、製造或供應不符合一般安全規定的消費品 (如食物容器)。香港海關會抽驗市面上消費品的安全性 (例如雙酚A遷移測試)。
食環署
如果食物因受食物接觸材料污料而不宜供人食用，出售有關食物便會違反《公眾衞生及市政條例》(第132章)。此外，根據《食物業規例》，經營食物業的人亦須確保一切設備及用具保持清潔，不受有害物質沾染。
然而，兩個部門現時都沒有具體訂明食物接觸材料中可否含有上述全氟烷基乙基和其他全氟烷化合物，或含量的最高限值。為了讓持份者 (包括業界和消費者等) 能 “客觀地” 評定食物接觸材料的安全性，筆者建議香港政府參考美國的做法及訂明標準，進一步加強食品安全的規管。
