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實現“藏糧於技”關鍵在於提質增效
實現“藏糧於技”關鍵在於提質增效
來源：經濟日報 作者：農興
麥收剛結束，又是一個豐收年。各地攻關田、試驗田測產的消息也不斷傳來，小麥單產的紀錄不斷被刷新。面對單產紀錄，有人覺得，這只是小範圍的高產攻關，實際價值不大。筆者認為，高產攻關有其不可替代的價值，但在新時期農業科技不能只滿足於產量提升，今後重心應從過於追求產量轉向更注重品質、效益和競爭力。
(網絡圖片)
應當看到，試驗攻關的專家產量與農民田間的實際收成存在較大差異是正常現象。專家產量是品種在良法、良田等最優配套前提下實現的最大產量，也反映了在大田條件下能夠達到的現實產量潛力，有其不可替代的價值。而糧食增產是個系統工程，從科研團隊的試驗田到農民的承包地還有很長的路要走，要良種、良法、良田、良人結合，需打通農業科研、農技推廣和農民培訓三大環節。
我國主要農作物單產接近甚至超過世界先進水準，但農業勞動生產率遠低於世界先進水準，顯得“一條腿長、一條腿短”。資料顯示，我國水稻和小麥單產達到發達國家水準、玉米單產達到中等發達國家水準，但我國農業勞動生產率僅為世界平均值的47%。近年來，恰恰是棉花、大豆、糖料等勞動生產率低的品種進口量持續增加。同時，資源利用率有待提升。若繼續增加農藥、化肥、農膜等投入，農村環境將難以承受，農產品安全也難以保障。
以上兩方面都對農業科技發展提出了新要求。但我國農業科技總體佈局仍不平衡，難以適應新要求。從農業科研投入來看，農業新品種培育、病蟲害防控等涉及農作物產量方面的科技力量較多，但高效種養、資源環境、農產品加工、品質安全等科技投入較少，後者恰恰是農業品質和效益提升的關鍵；從科技成果轉化來看，農業科研與推廣兩張“皮”，科技與產業發展脫節，中間缺少一體化的連接機制。
對我國來說，在糧食總產較低、主要解決溫飽問題的歷史階段，“產量”指標最重要。近年來，“品質好、效益高”的指標越來越重要。農民關心的並不是理想狀態下的試驗最高收成，而是普通情況下的平均收成。他們希望自己採用新技術後，不僅產量高、口感好，還要省人工，更重要的是經濟上要划算。
“藏糧於技”是國家糧食安全戰略的重要方面。今後要把提升品質、效益和競爭力作為核心目標，相應的科技支援政策要聚焦如何提高農業綜合生產能力、怎樣實現可持續發展。要著力解決制約節本、增效、安全、提質和迴圈發展等問題，切實提升產業競爭力。只有這樣，才能把科技研發、農技推廣、農民培訓連接起來，才能使得實驗室裡的產量更順利地變成農民的產量，從小規模示範田的看似“不經濟”過渡到大田生產的可能“更經濟”。
