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中國跨境電商食品知多少
中國跨境電商食品知多少
曾耀源
(廠商會檢定中心)
出口食品到中國從不容易。但隨著跨境電 商平台的興起，內地消費者輕易便能購買 外國食品。不少海外食品企業更希望以此 途徑打進中國市場。但中國當局是如何監 管跨境電商進口食品呢？檢驗檢疫的方式 和力度是否與傳統商貿方式進口食品一致？ 跨境電商進口食品真的安全嗎？
https://www.fungglobalretailtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CBEC-infographic.jpg
一、跨境電商食品的進口方式和監管
目前跨境電商平台提供海外食品予內地消 費者的途徑有兩種：
1. 海外直郵 電商平台將消費者訂購的食品直接從海外 郵寄給個人。這是企業對消費者 (B2C) 模 式。 對於自用食品，出入境檢驗檢疫局(CIQ) 只 會進行 “檢疫”，如評估產品是否有傳播動 物或植物疫病的風險。然而，根據內地法 例，自用物品可免於 “檢驗”，即當局並不 會檢測食品是否含有害物質和病菌，或檢 查食品標籤等。
2. 保稅區發貨 電商平台、電商經營企業或海外第三方商 家 “提前” 將海外食品運到內地的保稅區。 當內地消費者在網購平台下單和完成付款 後，食品便從保稅區倉庫發貨到個人。這 是企業對企業對消費者 (B2B2C) 模式。
從海外 “備貨” 食品到保稅區無需辦理通關 手續，因此不被視為 “正式” 出口食品到內 地。CIQ 對此類食品亦只會進行檢疫，而 不實施檢驗。 當食品從保稅區運出至國內非保稅區時， 才需要辦理通關手續。然而，由於食品是 以跨境貿易電子商務 “個人物品” 形式申報， 因此亦可免於檢驗。 由此可見，中國目前對網購保稅食品的進 口監管是非常寛鬆。很多適用於傳統企業 對企業 (B2B) 商貿模式進口食品的規定， 如特定食品的首次進口許可批文、註冊或 備案要求都 “暫不適用” 於網購保稅食品。
http://slidesplayer.com/slide/11572856/
在內地，有人便曾投訴 “海淘” 食品的標籤 並不符合內地的相關法例要求，卻能順利 入境。相反，同一款外國食品以傳統模式 進口卻會因為標籤不符而在口岸被扣查或 退貨。
二、跨境電商食品的安全隱患
有人已發現 “海淘” 食品出現質量安全問題。 例如，一些跨境電商平台上所銷售的日本 食品（即食早餐沖飲麥片、奶粉、大米和 酒類等），其實是來自日本核污染地區。 然而在這些網站上，商品資料只顯示產地 來自日本，並沒有詳細地址。 數年前有調查顯示 19 種 “海淘” 嬰幼兒配方 奶粉的營養素和污染物含量，並發現當中 有 8 個樣本的鉄、錳、碘和硒含量超出中 國食安標準。此外，“海淘”自新西蘭和荷蘭 的奶類產品亦曾被驗出有毒物質雙氰胺及 沙門氏菌。 除食安問題外，有報導指在跨境電商的進 口產品中，8 成以上的食品、保健品和化 妝品存在 “售假” 風險。
三、未來路向
利用網絡平台進行全球性和即時性食品和 其他商品交易已是大勢所趨。面對電商產 品批次多、批量小、品種繁多等 “特性”， CIQ 須加強監管。據了解，內地當局亦意 識到相關問題。例如，有建議指當局應對 參與跨境電商的境外生產企業進行備案管 理，建立企業信用資料庫和黑白名單制度。
